Analysis on the causes of death and years of life lost among patients with severe mental disorders in Jining city from 2014 to 2020 / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo analyze the causes of death and years of life lost among patients with severe mental disorders in Jining city， in order to provide references for improving the management level of the patients. MethodsA total of 3 638 patients with severe mental disorders who were recorded in the National Information System for Severe Mental Disorders in Jining and died between January 1， 2014 and December 31， 2020 were included in the study. The general information and the status of mortality were extracted via checking management files. Thereafter， the causes of death of patients with different characteristics were discussed， and the years of life lost due to severe mental disorders was analyzed through calculating potential years of life lost （PYLL）， average years of life lost （AYLL） and potential years of life lost rate （PYLLR）. ResultsThe majority of patients who died from severe mental disorders were those with schizophrenia， accounting for 77.68% （2 826/3 638）. The most common cause of death among patients with severe mental disorders was physical illness with 1 869 cases （51.37%）. Among the selected subjects， patients with mental retardation and comorbid mental disorders had the youngest age of disease onset ［（22.49±20.14） years］， the youngest age at death ［（51.72±18.32） years］ and the longest duration of disease ［（29.26±19.35） years］. The PYLL， AYLL and PYLLR of patients with severe mental disorders in Jining were 68 941.06 person-years， 18.95 years and 382.36‰， respectively. The mental retardation and comorbid mental disorders had the highest AYLL at 27.21 years， and epilepsy-induced mental disorder had the highest PYLLR at 892.73‰. ConclusionComorbid physical illness is the main causes of death in patients with severe mental disorders in Jining city， and epilepsy-induced mental disorder have occupied the first place in terms of the years of life lost.

Patients and physician's self-assessment regarding clinical stability in severe mental disorders: a cross-sectional study / Autoavaliação de pacientes e médicos em relação à estabilidade clínica em transtornos mentais graves: um estudo transversal

OBJECTIVE: This study explores the relationship between patients' self-assessment and physicians' evaluation regarding clinical stability. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the general outpatient clinic of the Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ) in a large sample (1,447) of outpatients, of which 67.9% were patients with severe mental disorders (SMD). We collected information using a structured questionnaire developed for this purpose, filled in by the patient's physician. Clinical stability was assessed by means of five psychiatric instability criteria and by the physician's global clinical impression over the six previous months. The patients' self-assessment was based on a question about how they evaluated their health status: stable/better, worse, does not know. For the analyses, patients' self-evaluation was considered as our standard. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 824 (57%) women with an average age of 49 years. The most prevalent diagnoses within the SMD category corresponded to 937 patients, of whom 846 (90.3%) assessed themselves as stable/better. The physicians' evaluations agreed more with patients with bipolar disorders and less with schizophrenics regarding stability. As for patients with depressive disorder, physicians agreed more with them regarding instability. CONCLUSION: The data analysis confirms our hypothesis that the self- -assessment made by patients with SMD was accurate regarding their health condition, and that the self- -assessment made by patients who considered themselves stable agree with the physicians' evaluation.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo explora a relação entre a autoavaliação dos pacientes e a avaliação dos médicos quanto à estabilidade clínica. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado no ambulatório do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ) em uma ampla amostra de pacientes (1.447), dos quais 67,9% eram portadores de transtornos mentais graves (TMG). Coletamos informações por meio de um questionário estruturado desenvolvido para esse fim, preenchido pelo médico assistente. A estabilidade clínica foi avaliada por meio de cinco critérios de instabilidade psiquiátrica e pela impressão clínica global do médico, nos seis meses anteriores. A autoavaliação dos pacientes baseou-se em uma pergunta sobre como eles avaliavam seu estado de saúde: estável/melhor, pior, não sabe. Para as análises, a autoavaliação dos pacientes foi considerada como nosso padrão. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 824 (57%) mulheres, com idade média de 49 anos. Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes na categoria TMG corresponderam a 937 pacientes, dos quais 846 (90,3%) se avaliaram como estáveis/melhores. As avaliações dos médicos concordaram mais com pacientes portadores de transtorno bipolar e menos com esquizofrênicos em relação à estabilidade. Quanto aos pacientes com transtorno depressivo, os médicos concordaram mais com eles em relação à instabilidade. CONCLUSÃO: A análise dos dados confirma nossa hipótese de que a autoavaliação feita por pacientes com TMG foi precisa quanto à sua condição de saúde e que a autoavaliação feita por pacientes que se consideravam estáveis concorda com a avaliação dos médicos.

Analysis of management and treatment of patients with severe mental disorders in Chengdu from 2016 to 2020 / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo analyze the management and treatment for patients with severe mental disorders in Chengdu from 2016 to 2020， in order to provide references for the relevant authorities to formulate policies and improving the mental health service system. MethodsData relating to 22 districts （cities） and counties in Chengdu from January 1， 2016 to December 31， 2020 were extracted from the National Information System for Severe Mental Disorders. Indicators such as reported prevalence rate， management rate， standardized management rate， medication rate， regular medication rate and stable condition rate of patients with severe mental disorders were analyzed on a yearly basis. ResultsBy the end of 2020， there were 71 899 registered cases of severe mental disorders in Chengdu， with a reported prevalence rate of 0.34%， a standardized management rate of 95.53%， and a regular medication rate of 72.50%. From 2016 to 2020， except the reported prevalence rate （χ²=269.566， P<0.01）， management rate （χ²=384.030， P<0.01）， standardized management rate （χ²=309.742， P<0.01）， medication rate （χ²=414.252， P<0.01）， regular medication rate （χ²=316.172， P<0.01） and stable condition rate （χ²=288.335， P<0.01） had linear trends of increasing with the annual increase. ConclusionFrom 2016 to 2020， the management rate， treatment rate and regular medication rate of patients with severe mental disorders have been increased year by year in Chengdu. Nevertheless， the increase in reported prevalence rate should be accompanied by strengthened management and follow-up to increase the regular medication rate to maintain the stability of patients' conditions.

Influencing factors of medication adherence in patients with severe mental disorders in Zhengzhou / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo investigate the status and influencing factors of medication adherence in patients with severe mental disorders in Zhengzhou， so as to provide references for the formulation of prevention and treatment measures for severe mental disorders. MethodsFrom March to June 2021， a stratified multistage cluster sampling method was applied to select 342 patients from the National Information System for Severe Mental Disorders in Zhengzhou. The general demographic data of patients were collected via self-designed questionnaire， and the medication status was investigated， then the influential factors were summarized. The differences in influential factors of medication adherence were compared between the medication adherence group and the medication non-adherence group. Thereafter， Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the factors influencing medication adherence. ResultsA total of 320 patients were included in the final analysis， altogether 76.56% of patients （n=245） complied with medication. The differences between patients in the medication adherence group and those in the medication non-adherence group were statistically significant in terms of residence， occupation， and outpatient chronic disease reimbursement （χ2=14.015， 7.502， 13.106， P<0.05 or 0.01）. In the questionnaire of influential factors on medication adherence， there were statistically significant differences in the scores of lack of insight， stigma and drug-related factors between the two groups （Z=7.588， 2.379， 2.893， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Outpatient chronic disease reimbursement was a protective factor for medication adherence （OR=2.727， 95% CI： 1.320~5.634， P<0.01）， while rural residence （OR=0.465， 95% CI： 0.221~0.977， P<0.05） and lack of insight （OR=0.398， 95% CI： 0.286~0.553， P<0.01） were risk factors for medication adherence. ConclusionPatients with severe mental disorders in Zhengzhou have a high rate of medication adherence， moreover， the outpatient chronic disease reimbursement， lack of insight and residence may be influencing factors for medication adherence in patients with severe mental disorders.

Clinical stability, diagnosis and catchment area: the patients of a university-based psychiatric outpatient clinic / Estabilidade clínica, diagnóstico e território: os pacientes de um ambulatório psiquiátrico universitário

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to characterize the patients assisted at the general outpatient clinic of the Psychiatry Institute of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ) and to assess these patients' clinical stability. Methods This cross-sectional study collected information using a structured questionnaire filled in by the patient's physician. The questionnaire, specifically developed for this purpose, included sociodemographic data; the dwelling area; psychiatric diagnosis according to ICD-10; clinical stability assessment by means of five psychiatric instability criteria and the physician's global clinical impression over the six previous months. Clinical stability was defined as a negative answer to all five pre-defined instability criteria. Results Overall, 1,447 questionnaires were filled in. The sample was composed of 824 (57%) women; with an average age of 49 years; 1,104 (76.3%) patients lived in the city of Rio de Janeiro and 343 (23.7%) lived outside the city; 983 (67.9%) patients had a severe mental disorder (SMD) diagnosis and 946 (65.3%) patients were considered stable. Statistically, the clinical stability by dwelling area did not differ. The most frequent clinical instability criterion was "exacerbation or emergence of acute manifestations of the disease". Conclusion The major part of the patients displayed a SMD and was considered clinically stable.

RESUMO Objetivo Este trabalho buscou caracterizar os pacientes atendidos no ambulatório geral do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ) e avaliar sua estabilidade clínica. Métodos Este estudo descritivo, transversal, coletou informações utilizando um questionário estruturado preenchido pelo médico assistente. O questionário, especificamente desenvolvido para esse propósito, continha dados sociodemográficos, área de moradia, diagnóstico psiquiátrico de acordo com a CID-10, avaliação da estabilidade clínica por meio de cinco critérios de instabilidade psiquiátrica e a impressão clínica global do médico, nos últimos seis meses. A estabilidade clínica foi definida como uma resposta negativa a todos os cinco critérios de instabilidade predefinidos. Resultados No total, 1.447 questionários foram preenchidos. A amostra foi composta por 824 (57%) mulheres, com média de idade de 49 anos; 1.104 (76,3%) pacientes residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e 343 (23,7%) residentes fora da cidade; 983 (67,9%) pacientes com diagnóstico de transtorno mental grave (TMG) e 946 (65,3%) pacientes foram considerados estáveis. Estatisticamente, a estabilidade clínica por área de moradia não apresentou diferenças. O critério de instabilidade mais frequente foi "recrudescimento ou o surgimento de manifestações agudas da doença". Conclusão A maioria dos pacientes apresentava um TMG e foi considerada clinicamente estável.

Avaliação das limitações do comportamento social dos moradores dos serviços residências terapêuticos de um pequeno município do estado do Rio de Janeiro / Assessment of social disablement among individuals living in therapeutic residential services in a small municipality of Rio de Janeiro state

Resumo Introdução Conhecer a dimensão das limitações do comportamento social em pessoas com transtornos mentais graves habitantes de serviços residenciais terapêuticos (SRT) é crucial para gestores e profissionais de saúde mental envolvidos na prestação de cuidados baseados na comunidade. Assim, realizou-se um estudo transversal em indivíduos que residem nesses serviços em uma pequena cidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Carmo). Objetivo Avaliar limitações do comportamento social dos entrevistados através da Escala de Comportamento Social (SBS). Método Os dados foram coletados em Janeiro/Fevereiro, 2017, utilizando a SBS. Resultados A amostra foi composta majoritariamente de homens, com idade média de 60,4 anos, analfabetos, com esquizofrenia e outros transtornos psicóticos, provenientes do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sem contato com suas famílias, com um longo período de hospitalização prévia e recebendo benefícios. Aproximadamente 96% dos residentes mostraram, pelo menos, um problema de comportamento social, frequentemente relacionados à aparência pessoal/higiene, comunicação: tomando a iniciativa (a pessoas inicia as conversações?), lentidão, rir e falar sozinho, comportamento não especificado (qualquer outro comportamento ou atitude não previamente especificado, que parece estar atrasando o progresso da pessoa). Conclusão A população estudada apresentou alta frequência de limitação de problema social, podendo impedir sua reintegração, tornando-se necessário implementar programas de reabilitação social para este grupo.

Abstract Background Knowledge about the extent of social disablement among people with severe mental disorders living in therapeutic residential services is crucial for policy makers and mental health professionals involved in the delivery of community-base care. A cross-sectional study was conducted with people living in therapeutic residential services in the municipality of Carmo, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Objective Evaluate limitations of the social behavior of the interviewees through the Social Behavior Scale (SBS). Method Data were collected between January and February 2017 using the SBS. Results The sample was composed mostly of men from Rio de Janeiro state, with mean age of 60.4 years, illiterate, benefit recipients, with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and a long period of previous hospitalization with no contact with their families. Approximately 96% of them showed at least one social behavior problem, often related to poor self-care, little spontaneous communication (Does the person start a conversation?), slowness, laughing and talking to self, and other problems (any other behavior or attitude not previously specified that seem to be delaying the progress of the person). Conclusion This population presented high frequency of social disablement that may prevent their social reintegration, evidencing the need for implementing social rehabilitation programs.

Exploring case management services for people with severe mental disorder and in a stable ;condition in Zhongshan / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To examine the impact of case management on hospitalizations of the chronically and severely mentally ill patients in Zhongshan. Methods Patients with severe and chronic mental illness,aged ≥ 15 years and living in pilot area were divided into two groups naturally since the program of case management launched, 65 cases in the group of case management and 112 patients in the group of standard management. Hospitalizations of the two groups before and after case management were compared. Results Data were analysised with MIXED procedure. Length of stay in days per admission (LOS) of both groups decreased with time in years (F=11.02, P=0.001), and the decline in LOS of case management group was greater than that of standard management group (F=9.02, P=0.003). The average admissions of case management group was more than that of standard management group (F=4.98,P=0.03). There was no significant differences in average hospitalization incidents before and after case management in both groups(case management group 5.13%vs. 5.38%, standard management group 7.14%vs. 8.92%, P>0.05). Conclusions Case management was effective in reducing hospitalizations for a group of Chinese with chronic and severe mental illness, and may contribute to the balance on mental health resources between community and hospital.

Conceitos Winnicottianos integrados na clínica ampliada: um olhar sobre o tratamento do transtorno mental grave na infância / Winnicott´s concept incorporated in enlarged clinic: a look at the treatment of childhood severe mental disorder

A presente elaboração teórica surge do interesse de se entremear conceitos presentes na psicologia do desenvolvimento emocional com as diretrizes da assistência em saúde, na atenção à saúde mental. A análise conceitual se propõe a articular os referenciais elaborados por D. W. Winnicott com a cartilha do Ministério da Saúde sobre a Clínica Ampliada na atenção à saúde mental infantil. A relevância deste artigo consiste na necessidade de se pensar como a gestão em saúde pode tornar possível, no âmbito público, o atendimento do transtorno mental grave na infância a partir dos pressupostos trazidos por Winnicott, tais como integração, autonomia e o papel do ambiente no desenvolvimento emocional...

This theoretical elaboration stems from an interest to interweave concepts inemotional developmental psychology with the guidelines of health care,attention to mental health. The conceptual analysis was intended to combine the references used by Winnicott with to the booklet of the Health Ministry on the enlarged clinic in mental health care for children. The relevance of this article is based on the need to consider how health management can make possible, in public services, the care of children with severe mental disorders, based on the premises carried by Winnicott like integration, autonomy and the role of ambient on emotional development...

Estudio de traducción al español y evaluación psicométrica de una escala para medir el estigma internalizado en pacientes con trastornos mentales graves / Study of translation into Spanish and psychometric properties of a measure to evaluate internalized stigma among patients with severe mental disorders

Introduction Mental illness is one of the most stigmatized health problems. The stigma related to mental health disorders can be experienced from two different perspectives: i) social stigma (perpetrated by the general population) and ii) personal stigma (internalized by the affected). Research on stigma and discrimination among patients with mental health problems has been centered on the social viewpoint, that is, what the general population sets over people who suffer the condition. Nonetheless, the investigation that focuses on the way people with psychiatric illness experience adverse reactions (i.e. rejection) has received little attention and hence been poorly assessed. Until now there was no internalized stigma measuring instrument, validated in Mexican population, nothing that could allow us to score the level of stigma perceived by these patients. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to translate into Spanish the internalized stigma scale (ISS) created by King et al., and to evaluate its basic psychometric properties among Mexican patients with severe mental disorders. The ISS has 28 items to answer in a five-point Likert scale, ranging from «strongly agree¼ to «strongly disagree¼, to assesses stigma through three different sub-scales: i) discrimination, ii) disclosure, and iii) positive aspects of mental illness. The discrimination subscale contains items that refer to the negative reactions of other people, including acts of discrimination by health professionals, employers and police; the disclosure subscale includes questions regarding embarrassment or feeling bad about the illness and managing disclosure to avoid discrimination. Finally, the positive aspects subscale asks about how patients accept their illness and perceive themselves as less affected by stigma. A higher score means greater stigma, due the answer to items that explore positive aspects of mental illness are reversed. Method Subjects: One hundred severe mentally ill Mexican subjects were included in the study. All of the patients had been receiving psychiatric attention at the Mental Health Integral Attention Center, Long stay division of the Mental Health Institute in Jalisco (Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental), which is part of the health office of such State. They all had at least two years of diagnosis and treatment. None was suffering an acute process of the illness at the moment of administration of the instruments. Measures and procedure: The ISS was translated into Spanish by translation-back- translation method and then administered by a psychiatrist together with the global assessment functional scale (GAF) and the clinical global impression scale (CGI). Data analysis: Cronbach's alpha and varimax rotation factor analysis were employed in order to examine internal consistency and construct valididty of the main components of the scale. Results From the total one hundred patients that integrated the studied sample, 67 (67%) were males; most of them single (62%) and unemployed (70%). The most commonly diagnosis was schizophrenia (47%); the time of illness was between 2 and 44 years, while the duration of the treatment was 1 to 44 years. Along the evolution of the illness, 81 (81%) had been hospitalized due to the psychiatric condition at least once. The mean functional global assessment score was 58.4, and the mean score in the CGI scale was 3.78 points. Regarding the management, 89% (n= 89) were under treatment with some kind of antipsychotic; the most used kind were first generation ones (n= 68, 68%), particularly haloperidol, either in immediate release or intramuscular depot presentations. ISS score was drawn and compared to the one obtained for the original English version; both measurements were alike (60.15 vs. 62.6, respectively). Each of the subscales in the ISS also showed similar results respect the ones obtained in the original version (discrimination 27.6 vs. 62.6; disclosure 22.1 vs. 29.1 and positive aspects 10.3 vs. 8.8, respectively). Additionally, the Spanish version of the ISS has shown a proper internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha scores higher than 0.60 in all of the sub-scales; the whole being similar to the ones identified for the original version of the measurement (Spanish version: discrimination subscale=0.83, disclosure=0.76 and positive aspects= 0.60; Original version: discrimination subscale= 0.87, disclosure= 0.85 and positive aspects=0.64). The unidimensional construct of the instrument showed a 0.87 Cronbach's alpha, being highly reliable. Regarding the factor validity, three main components were obtained confirming the original structure. The first factor (discrimination) explains 25.46% of the variance, the second (disclosure), 10.08%, and the last one (positive aspects) explains 7.24%. Conclusions The present study reports the psychometric data of ISS-Spanish version among severe mentally ill patients. We demonstrated that is a measure with appropriate internal consistency for the whole version as well as for all the sub-scales; it has, in addition, factor validity. Thus, it is possible to state that now we count with a valid and reliable instrument to assess internalized stigma of mental illness to be used for the evaluation of Mexican population with clinical and research purposes.

Introducción Se ha demostrado que la enfermedad mental es una de las condiciones que generan más estigma. El estigma producido por los trastornos psiquiátricos se puede experimentar desde la perspectiva social y la personal (estigma internalizado). La forma en que las personas con padecimientos psiquiátricos experimentan las reacciones adversas de los otros ha sido poco estudiada. Hasta ahora no existía una escala validada en la población mexicana que permitiera la medición del estigma percibido por este tipo de pacientes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue traducir al español y determinar la consistencia interna y la validez factorial de la Escala de estigma de King et al. Método Sujetos: Se incluyeron 100 pacientes mexicanos con diagnósticos de trastornos mentales graves y persistentes (TMSP) que reciben atención en el Centro de Atención Integral en Salud Mental de Estancia Prolongada del Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), con un mínimo de dos años de evolución y que no se encontraran cursando con un episodio agudo de su enfermedad. Instrumentos y procedimiento: Se aplicó la escala de estigma internalizado de King et al. (EEI) y las escalas de evaluación de la actividad global (EEAG) y de impresión clínica global (CGI). Análisis de datos: Se evaluó la consistencia interna de la EEI mediante el coeficiente alpha de Cronbach y la validez de constructo con base en un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación varimax. Resultados La muestra estuvo integrada por 100 pacientes, 67 (67%) eran hombres, mayoritariamente solteros (62%) y desempleados (70%). La mayoría contaba con un diagnóstico principal de esquizofrenia (47%); el tiempo de enfermedad y de tratamiento fue de dos a 44 años y de uno a 44 años, respectivamente. El 81% había sido hospitalizado en una institución psiquiátrica al menos en una ocasión. Respecto al funcionamiento global, la media fue de 58.4 puntos, y la puntuación promedio del CGI fue de 3.78. El 89% (n=89) se encontraba medicado con algún tipo de antipsicótico, más frecuentemente típico (n= 68, 68%). El promedio del nivel de estigma obtenido se comparó con el puntaje de la validación de la escala original; dichos valores fueron muy similares (60.15 y 62.6, respectivamente). La versión en español de la EES se caracterizó por una adecuada consistencia interna, con alphas superiores a .60 en todas las sub-escalas. La evaluación unidimensional del constructo resultó altamente confiable, con un coeficiente de 0.87. Se obtuvieron tres factores principales congruentes con la versión original, lo que da prueba de su validez. Conclusiones El presente estudio es el primero en reportar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español de la EES en pacientes mexicanos con trastornos mentales graves y persistentes. Con base en nuestros hallazgos es posible concluir que la EES-español cuenta con una adecuada consistencia interna total y en todas las sub-escalas; además da prueba de validez factorial, por lo que es posible recomendarla para su uso con fines clínicos y/o de investigación.

Evaluación de funcionalidad, discapacidad y salud para la rehabilitación psicosocial de pacientes asilados por trastornos mentales graves / Evaluation of functioning, disability, and health status for psychosocial rehabilitation among institutionalized patients with severe mental disorders

Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) made a major shift on the outcomes of illness, diseases, and interventions from clinical indicators to those related with levels of functioning and disability, as well as the possibility to determine areas of improvement on a case-by-case basis. Along with this theoretical approach, a new instrument was proposed to WHO members: the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The instrument is flexible, easy to apply in different clinical scenarios (it is not attached to a cluster of diseases), culturally adapted in several languages, and complementary to clinical and para-clinical information. In psychiatry, the use of the ICF may be highly valuable to establish the preserved areas of functioning as well as the most salient disabilities to formulate a proper case management, and then, to plan adequate public policies. This report includes the results of an evaluation of functioning, disability and heath dimensions, along with the psychometric properties of the ICF checklist, among people with severe and persistent mental disorders that have been institutionalized in a psychiatric hospital in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. Method Subjects: Inmates of a 50 year old psychiatric facility, dependent from the Mental Health Institute of Jalisco (SALME), within the frame of the Ministry of Health of the State of Jalisco in Mexico. This facility is divided in acute wards, were patients are hospitalized in acute phases of severe and persistent mental disorders, and <> wards which have existed since the origins of the hospital and became a place where people were abandoned and finally stayed institutionalized under the State's support and supervision. The later population was included in this evaluation. Measures: A psychiatrist (AM), previously trained on the administration of the ICF, supervised the evaluation of: 1) the <> domains of the Short list of ICF proposed by WHO (AP-ICF); 2) The American Psychiatric Association's Global Assessment of Functionality Scale (GAF); and 3) The Life Skills Profile(LKP). Results A total sample of 205 subjects was included; they were 64.9% males, with a mean age of 40.28±14.39 years old. The mean hospitalization time was 18.04±10.29 years. Psychiatric diagnosis distribution was: severe mental retardation (MR) (29.8%); moderate MR (15.6%), residual or undifferentiated schizophrenia (8.3%), and paranoid schizophrenia (7.8%). A concurrent physical illness was identified in 48.8% (n=112) of the subjects. Salient health problems were: epilepsy (n=47, 22.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=6, 2.9%), diabetes (n=5, 2.4%), and systemic arterial hypertension (n= 4, 2%). AP-ICF validity and reliability: Correlations between AP-ICF domains and GAF were all moderate (between -.51 to -.71), negative and statistically significant. Cronbach's alphas were as follows: a) Learning and applying knowledge: .85 for the first qualifier, and .89 for the second; b) General tasks and demands: .90 and .92; c) Communication: .93 for both qualifiers; d) Movement: .78 for the first qualifier, and .89 for second qualifier; e) Self Care: .94 and .96; f) Domestic Life Areas: .91 and .95; g) Interpersonal Interactions: .79 and .91; h) Major Life Areas: .59 and .70; i) Community, Social and Civic Life: .75 and .72. Functionality and disability among institutionalized patients: In the Global Assessment of Functioning measure, subjects distribution belonging to punctuations ranges were: 31-40 points(n=54, 26.3%); 11-20 points (22.9%,n=47); 21-30 points (21%,n=43); 41-50 points (14.6%,n=30); 51-60 points (11.2%, n=23); 61-70 points (2.9%, n=6), and 1% felled in the <> range. On the Life Skills Profile (LSP), means and standard deviations were as follows: a) Self Care: row score= 19.85 ± 3.42, percentage transformation= 49.64% ± 8.56; b) Social Communication: row score= 16.70±3.42, percentage transformation= 41.76% ± 9.39; c) Communication with contact: row score= 14.00 ± 2.60, percentage transformation= 58.35% ± 10.85; d) Communication without contact: row score= 9.39 ± 2.47, percentage transformation= 39.12% ± 10.30; e) Autonomy Life: row score= 11.87 ±1.89, percentage transformation= 42.40% ± 6.76. Major <> (ICF) dysfunction domains were as follows: Community, social and civic life, Domestic life areas, Interpersonal interactions, and Major life areas. For the first qualifier, mean row scores and percentage transformations for all activities and participation domains were: a) Learning & applying knowledge: 14.66 ± 5.40, 61.09% ± 22.5; b) General Tasks and demands: 4.78 ± 2.6, 59.75% ± 33.22; c) Communication: 8.88 ± 6.4, 44.43% ± 32.35; d) Movement: 2.63 ± 3.8, 10.99% ± 15.89; e) Self Care: 9.21 ± 8.5, 28.79% ± 26.73; f) Interpersonal Life Interactions: 20.06 ± 5.7, 71.67% ± 20.41; g) Major Life Areas: 15.15 ± 6.5, 63.15% ± 27.08; h) Community, Social & Civic Life: 17.42 ± 2.7, 87.10% ± 13.86. For the second qualifier, mean row scores and percentage transformations for all activities and participation domains were: a) Learning & applying knowledge:12.34 ± 5.8, 51.44% ± 24.33; b) General Tasks and demands: 3.91 ± 2.63, 48.90% ± 32.96; c) Communication: 7.36 ± 6.21, 36.82% ± 31.07; d) Movement: 2.24 ± 3.58, 9.34% ± 14.93; e) Self Care: 5.80 ± 7.15, 18.12% ± 22.37; f) Interpersonal Life Interactions: 16.88 ± 7.49, 52.77% ± 23.40; g) Major Life Areas: 13.5 ± 7.18, 56.25% ± 29.92; h) Community, Social & Civic Life: 14.29 ± 5.11, 71.48% ± 25.58. Conclusions In this study we identified three mayor groups of institutionalized patients, with different needs of attention. First, a group of people with severe disability, that do not require a permanent psychiatric hospitalization supervision and could benefit from treatment and increase quality of life in other kind community care facilities. A major second group (around 70% of patients) that are theoretically candidates for community rehabilitation and social reinsertion, in whom there is no scientific argument to justify their institutionalization in a psychiatric hospital. Reasons for this reality are to be explored in further social and service history implementation. A third subgroup of patients had been hospitalized many years, and for them, given the need of constant supervision is necessary and an alternative permanent assistance may be granted, but the psychiatric hospital is not the facility designated for them. Functioning and disability evaluation of persons with severe and persistent mental disorders that are institutionalized in the Mental Health Institute of Jalisco, Mexico, was useful to motivate and develop local communitarian psychiatric rehabilitation facilities and programs. Finally, we suggest that <> domains of ICF checklist are a valid and reliable tool to evaluate Mexican psychiatric patients.

Introducción En este reporte se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de funcionalidad, discapacidad y estado de salud de las personas con trastornos mentales graves y persistentes que se encuentran asiladas en el Centro de Atención Integral en Salud Mental de Estancia Prolongada (CAISAME-EP) del Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), la instancia de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Jalisco que se encarga de la atención psiquiátrica de la entidad. El estudio se llevó a cabo para impulsar el desarrollo de políticas y programas de atención en salud mental locales que puedan elevar el estatus funcional y el bienestar vital de estos individuos. Adicionalmente se proporcionan los primeros datos de validez y confiabilidad, en población mexicana con trastornos mentales graves y persistentes, de la versión en español del apartado de <> de la lista corta de cotejo de la CIF. Método Los pacientes hospitalizados en los pabellones de la institución denominados <> fueron evaluados con base en: 1. el apartado de <> de la lista corta de cotejo de la CIF (AP-LC-CIF); 2. la Escala de Evaluación de la Actividad Global (EEAG) y 3. el Perfil de Habilidades de la Vida Cotidiana (PHVC). Resultados De un total de 205 usuarios, el 64.9% eran de sexo masculino. Tenían una edad promedio de 40.28±14.39 años y se encontraban hospitalizados hacía 18.04±10.29 años. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el retraso mental severo (29.8%), le siguió el moderado (15.6%), la esquizofrenia residual e indiferenciada (8.3%), y la esquizofrenia paranoide (7.8%). El 48.8% de la muestra presentó alguna otra enfermedad física (n=102). La mayoría de los usuarios tuvieron entre 31 y 40 de puntuación en la EEAG (n=54, 26.3%); el área de mayor deterioro en actividades de la vida cotidiana (PHVC) fue la relativa al contacto social interpersonal, seguida de la de autocuidado; y los dominios del AP-LC-CIF con mayor disfunción fueron: vida comunitaria, social y cívica; vida doméstica; interacciones y relaciones interpersonales, y áreas principales de la vida. Conclusiones Se identificaron tres grandes grupos de pacientes con enfermedades mentales graves y persistentes asilados en el Estado de Jalisco, México; con necesidades de atención diferentes entre sí. Por una parte, existe un alto porcentaje de usuarios con retraso mental pronunciado que no requiere de atención psiquiátrica continua bajo una norma hospitalaria costosa, sino cuidados en un ambiente protegido que no sea un hospital psiquiátrico. Por otro lado, prácticamente un 70% de los pacientes asilados en la institución es teóricamente susceptible de rehabilitación comunitaria y no hay razón que justifique que vivan en un hospital psiquiátrico. Sin embargo, un tercer grupo de pacientes, que constituye además un altísimo porcentaje, ha estado asilado ahí durante muchos años lo que implica sumar a las tareas para implementar un sistema de rehabilitación comunitaria, un proceso de desinstitucionalización psiquiátrica. La presente evaluación de la discapacidad y la funcionalidad de la población asilada en la institución fue de utilidad para al menos dos asuntos. En primer lugar, para demostrar la adecuación del apartado de actividades y participación la CIF para evaluar a la población psiquiátrica con trastornos mentales graves. Y en segundo lugar, para impulsar la planeación y desarrollo de instancias y programas de rehabilitación psiquiátrica comunitaria en la entidad. Idealmente, éstos deberán implementarse resolviendo las necesidades de capacitación específica del personal, así como el estigma y discriminación que asecha a estos pacientes y sus familias.

The feasibility of vocational rehabilitation in subjects with severe mental illness: [review]

Vocational rehabilitation represents an important element within the mental health care system. To ensure the success of rehabilitation, programs of varying degrees of complexity are needed in order to meet patients’ abilities and needs. Rehabilitation success must be examined multidimensionally and not be reduced to the mere integration into competitive employment. Success is also represented by progress in the level of vocational integration, strengthening of work capabilities, the improvement of the functional level, and in a better quality of life. The patient’s need for rehabilitation has to be recognized as early as possible to shorten the duration of the patient’s disintegration and to avoid stagnation periods. Rehabilitation needs to start in the clinic; with psychiatric help sustained during the rehabilitation process to prevent illness exacerbation and premature program termination. The patient’s development regarding his or her functional level, work capability, and subjective wellbeing needs to be evaluated throughout the program to consistently monitor the patient’s individual needs and abilities and to ensure appropriate support. Training for cognition and social skills should be integrated into rehabilitation programs to compensate individual deficits.

La rehabilitación vocacional representa un importante elemento dentro del sistema del cuidado de la salud mental. Con el fin de asegurar el éxito de la rehabilitación y para satisfacer las necesidades y habilidades de los pacientes hacen falta programas de diversos grados de complejidad. El resultado de la rehabilitación debe examinarse de manera multidimensional y no reducirse tan sólo a la integración al empleo competitivo, pues el éxito se ve reflejado asimismo por el avance en el nivel de integración vocacional, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades para el trabajo, la mejora del nivel de funcionamiento y una mejor calidad de vida. Las necesidades de rehabilitación del paciente deben reconocerse tan pronto como sea posible para disminuir la desintegración y para evitar periodos de estancamiento. La rehabilitación debe comenzar en la clínica, con apoyo psiquiátrico sostenido durante el proceso a fin de evitar la exacerbación de la enfermedad y una terminación prematura del programa. El desarrollo del paciente en lo concerniente a nivel de funcionamiento, capacidad de trabajo y bienestar subjetivo requiere de constante evaluación a lo largo del programa a fin de monitorear sus necesidades y habilidades individuales y para asegurar el apoyo correcto. El entrenamiento cognoscitivo y de habilidades sociales debe integrarse en los programas de rehabilitación para compensar las carencias individuales.